~ Dr Tualchin Neihsial
 Lai gelhdan i buaina uh leh i siamtheihlouh uh tamzawte pen laimal gawmdan, khenzaakdan leh paipi khat nei a i gelh louh ziak uh ahipen hi. Atamzaw kibang mahleh i ngatsakna lam uh akikhat poimoh sawnsawn hi.Hiai toh kisai in mi malmalte, saptuam pawl tuamtuamte leh ZCLS-te ban ah PLS mahmah in zong 1982 kum akipan in PNC (tu a PTC), SSPP HQ, YPA HQ toh pangkhawm in laigelhdan kichian neitheihna diing in pan i nala uhi. Huchi in 1984 akipan in guide book khat Zoulai Gelhdan Bu kichi bawlkhia in, siamsinna innte a tawisak in tuni tan in kal kisuantou zel hi. Akhangtou zel i hi ua, a phaaktawp i tung dek nai kei ua, paina diing lampi sauzaw mahmah i nei lai uhi. Laimal kibang napi gawmkhial, khenkhial kha le hang, thu tuampi kawk thei hi. Gentehna in: ANAUHONGPIAHI- A nau hong pia hi
- A nau hong pi ahi
- A na uh ong pia hi
- An a u hong pia hi.
1. AW, O leh OU zatdan diing:
i) A-un, aniam leh asaugin peuhmah ah AW.
Gtn: Dawm, Dawng, sawt, zawng
ii) Alaigin leh tomgin peuhmah ah O.
Gtn: Dom, Dong, sot, zot
iii) Atom leh sanggin peuhmah ah OU.
Gtn: Gou, lou, Sou,Tou, zou
2. J leh Z zatna anuai a bang in:
Ei tualsuak thumal (kammal) khempeuh leh mi min, kho min, gam min, veng min ah Z zat diing, namdangte’ min, kho min, gam min peuhmah ah amau zat bangbang zuihpihna a [J azat ualeh] J zat diing – Jerusalem, Joppa, Job, Johan, Jesu, Jakob leh adangdang. 3. IN leh UN zatdan
Agen leh asep khentuam sese lou in verb, adjective leh noun thumal ban a ‘in’ a om peuhmah chiang in ‘in’ pen a kizompih toh kimatsak louh a, tuamdinsak diing ahi.
Etsakna diin:
Verb: dingin, genin, simin, chi a gelh lou in ding in, gen in, sim in chi a gelh diing;
Adjective: awlin, asanin, hoihtakin chi a gelh lou in awl in, asan in, hoihtak in ci a gelh diing;
Noun: Lamkamin, bawngin, singin, pasalin chi a gelh lou in Lamkam in, bawng in, sing in, pasal in ci a gelh diing ahi.
Tua ban ah, abstract noun-te (verb leh adjective) ah zong itna in, zawnna in, hoihna in, huaiziak in, huchi in, dungzui in, bang in chi in gelh le hang, kibatlualna [uniformity] a om diing ban ah, athu simkhelh a om kei zaw hi. Tua mah bang in, khat sang a tamzaw kawk plural ‘un’ chih zong kimattuan sese lou in gelhkak diing ahi.
4. Postposition A leh AH:
Postposition A leh AH tuamdinsak le hang athu zong kichiangpen hi. Etsakna: ‘Mimbungah, Lamkaah, suuna, zaanah, khuaah, vaaka’ chi a gelh lou in ‘Mimbung ah, Lamka ah, suun a, zaan ah, khua ah, vaak a’ chi a gelh diing ahi.
5. Laimal kithuap/thuahnih (double letter) leh Lai-aw(Vowel) zatna:
Laimal kithuap/thuahnih (double letter) leh Lai-aw (Vowel) zatna thu ah athuah a laimal/lai-aw tam lua lah anop louh kia hi lou in, athuah a koih seng diing zong ahi kei phial hi. Ahihhang in, athuah a laimal/lai-aw koih in buaina leh theihkelhna avengsak thei hi.
Etsakna:
i. Thum (three), thuum (pray), thumna (third), thuumna (prayer)
ii. Van (goods, material), vaan (heaven)
iii. Khat (one), khaat (seldom), khatna (first), khaatna (bitterness), Khat bek (only one): Laibu khat bek hong pia in (khat sang a tamzaw lou), Khat beek (at least one): Laibu khat beek hong pia in (atawmpen in khat)
iv. Ding (stand), diing (shall/will)
v. Sun (pierce, prick), suun (condole, console, day)
vi. Bukna (shelter), buukna (measurement/ standard)
6. Belh (affixes) ah mabelh (prefix) leh nungbelh (suffix) a om hi:
a. Mabelh (prefix) – ‘ki’, ‘pi’, ‘su’chihte ah verb toh kimat a gelhkhawm diing ahi.
Ki – Kibuan, kidawm, kigamla, kigawm, kihua, kingai, kikum, kimawl, kinai, kipua, kisai, kisat, kitawng, kivual, kizawl, kilem, kizem, kimuang, kiteeng, kikhen, leh adangdang
[Hiai a mabelh ‘ki’ in ganhing hiam setan ki (horn) leh kipi (parrot) chihna a “ki” pen a huam kei a, hiaite pen tuamgelh diing ahi. Etsakna: Ki in taang duh hi. Vompi in ki nei lou hi.]
Pi – pibawl, pichin, pigen, pingaihsut, pizat, pikuan, pimuh, pipat, pisuah, pisak, leh adangdang
Su – sulian, suminthang, suthupi, supichin, supaai, supuuk, leh adangdang
[Ciamteh diing: prefix - Su chih zang sese lou in liansak, minthangsak, thupisak, pichingsak chih dan in zong azat theih veve hi. Hiai mabelh [prefix] a Su kichi pen numeite’ zahmoh genna ahih louh bang in verb a su kichi an su, gu su, khuttum a su chihna zong ahi kei]
Exceptional Case:
Ahihhang in a, e, i, o, u (lai-aw i cihte) toh a kizom aleh simkhelh omlouhna diing in athekna (-hyphen) koih diing ahi.
Gelhdan dik lou Gelhdan dik
Kiakmitet ki-akmitet
Kiaam ki-aam
Kiatkha ki-atkha
Kiit ki-it
Kiuitui ki-uitui
Kien ki-en
Kiel ki-el
Kiotsakna ki-otsakna
Kieng ki-eng
Kiukna ki-ukna
Piet pi-et
b. Nungbelh (suffix):
(i) Verb leh adjective dawn (ban) a thumal abelh (behlap) pawl khat – pih, sak, kha, lum, sia, vui, paai, mai, gawp, kham, nen, phih leh adangdang ah a verb hiam adjective hiam toh gelhmat ngeingei diing ahi.
Etsakna: sihpih, damsak, satkha, siikkhial, kaplum, kaaplum, gensia, gawigawp, balnen, chilphih, gawivui, leh adangdang
(ii) Bang leh thumal dang azungpi toh gehlhmat diingte: Lapau (poetry) leh thumal a bang leh thumal dang azungpi (root / rootword) toh gelhmat diingte:
• Bang : albang, anbang, buanbang, chiaubang, daibang, gulbang, haibang, kilbang, lawibang, mawngbang, meibang, nibang, sabang, sulbang, tembang, umbang, vaibang, zubang, hambang, mangbang, suumbang, sumbang, leh adangdang.
• Bawl : baihbawl, chiilbawl, dambawl, gawtbawl, haibawl, hutbawl, ipbawl, koubawl, maakbawl, khembawl, nuakbawl, siatbawl, zuaubawl, simbawl, huatbawl, zumbawl, leh adangdang
• chih/chin : gamchih/gamchin, khochih/ khochin, luichih/luichin, munchih/ munchin, namchih/namchin, pauchih/ pauchin, pawlchih/pawlchin, sachih/ sachin
• dan/zia : bawldan, bawlzia, ciindan, chiinzia, dondan, donzia, etdan, etzia, goldan, golzia, haidan, haizia, itdan, itzia, khandan, khanzia, muhdan, muhzia, nuihdan, nuihzia, omdan, omzia, tutdan, tutzia, leh adangdang. [hiai a nungbelh ‘dan’ pen leh dan (zuih diing dan thupiak) toh kibang lou hi.]
• huai : dahhuai, enhuai, haihuai, ithuai, lauhuai, lawphuai, muanhuai, ngaihhuai, pahtaakhuai, zumhuai, suphuai, pilhuai, kipahhuai
• kha : baakkha, chiamkha, dalkha, delhkha, enkha, genkha, itkha, khialkha, mukha, lawngkha, palkha, suikha, tehkha leh adangdang.
• khia : dengkhia, dongkhia, genkhia, sakhia, gelhkhia, nuihkhia, kapkhia, satkhia, pulhkhia, kaikhia, zuutkhia, hongkhia, leh adangdang
• khial : awnkhial, bawlkhial, cikhial, bohkhial, dengkhial, enkhial, lamkhial, mukhial, semkhial, nekhial, simkhial, sakhial, paukhial, theikhial, tukhial, vaatkhial, zemkhial, zuikhial leh adangdang,
• lam : dailam, gollam, giitlouhlam, hailam, hauhlam, lawplam, manlam, nuamlam, kiamlam, siatlam, zawnlam
• sa : belsa, etsa, hoihsa, pilsa, mohsa, vulsa, siamsa, zawngsa, leh adangdang
• tan : bottan, dawttan, kuaitan, siiktan, vialtan, paltan, meektan, huaitan, hualtan, mawktan, zumhtan, leh adangdang
• vai : buaivai, daivai, chiilvai, haivai, naupanvai
c. Noun Suffix:
(i) Diminutive - ke, me, mi, ta, si (etsakna: balke, khutme, temta, kausi, thousi, miiksi)
(ii) Magnutive – ‘pi’ (etsakna: heipi, tupi, huihpi, khapi, lampi, singpi, singthupi, suangpi, kialpi, tuipi, nipi, pawlpi, sawltakpi, siamsinpawlpi, khawmpi leh adangdang)
[Ciamteh diing: Hiai noun suffix in anu-apa khenna (gender) a feminine (anu/api) genna akizang ‘pi’ kici leh kisapna a nute’ nu leh pate’ nu (grandmother) genna ahuam kei. Etsakna: sialpi, bawngpi, nupi, leh adangdang.]
d. Va, hon, hong, n’ong, k’ong chihte pen a verb toh gelhmat louh diing ahi. Va in akuankhe lam, hon in tutmun leh naichik a septheihte kawk a, hong in a naih leh hong kuan/zuan lam kawk hi. Thumal gawm (contraction) ahihleh gelhmat teitei a ngai hi.
i. Tui va tawi in, puan va sawp in
ii. An hong ne in, hong pai in
iii. Nau hong la in
iv. Puan hon pe dih
v. Tangmai n’ong pe diam? (Tangmai na hong pe diam)
vi. Zu k’ong siim diam? (Zu ka hong siim diam?)
7. Verb leh adverb thuahnihte i zatkop chiang in tuamkhen lou a gelhmat diing ahi:
Verb : nuinui, kapkap, kaapkaap, lamlam, laamlaam, tutu, khawlkhawl, kholkhol, paipai, taitai, taaitaai, gengen, sasa leh adangdang
Adverb : liailiai, mengmeng, dangdang, diamdiam, dengdeng, ngelngel, khelkhel, sese, taktak, petmah, mahmah, tengteng, khempeuh, leh adangdang
8. Pau zatkop/ pau nupa (phrase/paring of words) :
(i) I ngeina dan in achih nuamnuam ahihkeileh aneuneu ahihkeileh ahat loulou kigen in kigelh masazaw hi. Huchibang kammalte kikal ah athekna (hyphen) koih diing ahi.
- Aneu-alian, azawng-ahau, atui-aha, agim-atawl, apil-asiam, anu-apa, amei-apa, asia-apha, numei-pasal, asan-akaang, adung-avai, asing-asuang, ankhing-tuibuuk, abul-abaal, abeh-aphung, azawng-ahau, azawng-angau, azu-ahaam leh adangdang.
(ii) Pau nupa hinapi a atung a bang a ‘a’ kimabelh lou, ahihhang a athekna a zop kul a om a, tuate ahihleh:
- tanu-tapa, neekna-taakna, chitna-siamna, anteh-louhing, guuktaak-laaktaak, dahna-kahna, khitui-naptui, chiahna-kuanna, nasep-silbawl, gimna-tawlna, leh adangdang.
(iii) Pau nupa hinapi a thumal/kammal khat suahsakna dia le hiam leh hiam koihte, ‘leh’ toh i zopkhawm chiang in athekna koih kul lou in, ‘le’ chih toh i zopkhop chiang in athekna koih ngeingei diing ahi a, agen leh akhiakna zong tuam hi. ‘leh’ zat ahih chiang in pau nupa ahihlam theihkhen haksa a, athekna leh le i zat chiang in pau nupa ahihna hong kilang in theihkhen nop hi. Nu-le-pa ahih chiang in Mikang pau a parent cihna hi a, nu leh pa ahih chiang in mother and father cihna suak a, khua-le-tui (citizen), khua leh tui (village and water), anuai ah gentehna en suk ni:
- Lia-le-taang lia leh taang
Khua-le-tui khua leh tui
Nu-le-pa nu leh pa
Neek-le-dawn neek leh dawn
Lum-le-vot lum leh vot
Lum-le-phaw lum leh phaw
(iv) Numerical zopna a “le” chih nung leh ma ah athekna [hyphen] koih in i deih/gen nop nambar koih diing ahi:
Etsakna diing in
Sawm-le-khat ahihchiang in eleven chihna ahi a, sawm leh khat ahihchiang in ten and one chihna ahi. Tua mah bang in sawm-le-nih chi a i gelh chiang in twelve chihna hi a, sawm leh nih ahih chiang in ten and two chihna ahi hi. Tua bang zel in sawm-le-thum, sawm-le-li, sawm-le-nga, sawm-le-guk, sawm-le-sagih, sawm-le-giat, sawm-le-kua chi a gelh diing ahi.
9. Postposition:
English Grammar ah preposition om mahleh ei pau gelhna ah preposition om lou in, postposition omzaw hi.
On the tree - sing tung ah
Under the table - Dohkan nuai ah
At the door - Kongkhaak ah
Tung ah, nuai ah, gei ah, toh, kal ah, kikal ah, ziak in, zaw, zong/leng, nung in/nung ah, beek, kia/bek, khawng, apan, sang in, loungal, chihlouh cihte khawng ahi.
10. First Person Pronoun:
Mangkangte’ neihlouh i neih tungtuan uh first person ahi hi. Exclusive ah ‘ka’, ‘kou’ chih leh inclusive ah ‘ei’, ‘i’ chihte i neih tungtuan ahi. Hiai a ‘i’ pen Mangkangte a ‘I’ toh a khiakna kibanglou ahihman in, thuvual (sentence) kipatna lou peuhmah ah laimal neu (lower case/ small letter) zat diing ahi.
Our house i) Ka inn uh (exclusive)
ii) I inn uh (inclusive)
[Ciamteh diing: Inn (house) cihna ah ‘n’ athuah azat in simkhelh a om kei pen hi. ‘An’ (food) toh kisai ah bel an neek theih cihlouh ngal thu dang kawk thei a om louhman in ‘a’ hiam ‘n’ hiam athuah a koih akul kei hi.] 11. Subject Concords:
First person concord ‘ka’ (kei ka pai) leh second person concord ‘na’ (Nang na pai) leh first person (plural inclusive concord) ‘i’ (ei i pai) chihte ah ka, na leh i akizang khial tam mahmah. A verb/ a noun toh gelhmat louh diing ahi.
• Kakipaak ci lou in Ka kipaak cih diing
• Kainn ci lou in ka inn cih diing
• Kapa ci lou in ka pa cih diing
• Nanau ci lou in na nau cih diing
• Inu ipa ci a gelh lou in i nu i pa ci a gelh diing ahi.
• Kangaihsun ci a akigawm a gelh lou in Ka ngaihsun ci a gelhzawk diing ahi.
12. Adjective zatna :
(i) English Grammar bang lou in ei pau, ei lai ah noun khit (nung) ah adjective in zui hi. English ah Red Sea, Paite/Tedim ah Tuipi San, meel hoih, tui siang, puan san, mai san, mai puang, tuipi vom, tuipi si, mi lian, sing sang, gam nuam, gam thupi leh adangdang.
Exceptional case: Ahoihna hiam asiatna hiam ahihkeileh ahihna agen-ot nop ciang in, noun ma a adjective pai masa a, a noun taang in ‘a’ hong kizang hi.
Etsakna:
• A lamdang itna (Itna lamdang)
• A minthang mahmah Peter in mi tampi apiangthaksak hi.
(ii) Superlative ‘pen’ leh ‘bel’ adjective toh gelhmat diing ahi.
• Nungaak mel hoihpen kiteelkhia hi
• Asiambel ahong damsak theipa Jesu ahi.
• Hoihpen, lianpen, golpen,
• siampen, asiangbel, ahoihbel
(iii) Demonstrative adjective ‘pen’ leh ‘bel’ kizangkhawm thei a, ‘pen’ leh ‘pen’ zong kizangkhawm thei napi, ‘bel’ leh ‘bel’ kitam zatkhawm lou hi.
- Amah pen bel ahat takpi mah hi.
Nang penpen n’ong pai keileh hithei lou hi.
(iv) Tehpihna [comparative] leh Tehpih bei [Superative adjective] anuai abang in:
baihzaw - baihpen cinghzaw - cinghpen
damzaw - dampen golzaw - golpen
hauzaw - haupen hatzaw - hatpen
hoihzaw - hoihpen itzaw(zawk) - itpen
kinzaw - kinpen lianzaw - lianpen
naizaw - naipen pheizaw - pheipen
sangzaw - sangpen siamzaw - siampen
sukzaw - sukpen theizaw - theipen
(v) Ei pau a ‘toh’ kichi English Grammar a ‘with’ toh kibang a lehkhiak teitei sawmna ziak in mun tampi ah ‘toh’ kizangkhial hi.
• “Siikkeu toh an ka ne” cih louh a “Siikkeu in an ka ne” cih diing ahi.
• “Suang toh bawng ka deeng” ci lou in “Suang in bawng ka deeng” cih dikzaw hi
• “Tui toh mei ka buak” i cih chiang in diklou a “Tui in mei ka buak” cih adik ahi.
[Ciamteh diing: (a) Consonant H pen glottal stop ahih dungzui in, H a tawp peuhmah asaugin thei mawngmawng kei. Gawh, Tawh, Mawh, Sawh, Zawh ciin gelh mahle hang asaugin thei kei. Gelhdan chii nih zat sang in khat zat hoihzaw ahihman in Goh, Toh, Moh, Soh, Zoh ci a gelhzawk diing ahi.
(b) Pasal’ min leh numei’ min khenkaakna diing in zong “H” kizang hi:
Vung (numei min) Vungh (pasal min)
Lang Langh
Sung (Innkuan) Sungh]
13. Abstract Noun
Adjective, verb leh noun khenkhat apan abstract noun hong kibawlkhiakna kammal – dan, zia, leh na cihte hong pianna kammalte toh gelhmat diing ahi.
Dong dotna dotdan dotzia
Kap kahna kahdan kahzia
Pai paina paidan paizia
Hoih hoihna hoihdan hoihzia
San sanna sandan sanzia
Lui luina luidan luizia
Abstract noun ahihlam mangngilh kha in apianna thummal leh –dan /–zia kal ah diing kizangkha pahpah hi. Etsakna : Na dotdan diing sik in Na dot diing dan. Anih tuak in sentence dik ahi ua, himahleh agen ut leh kawk kituam ahihman in pilvan huai mahmah hi.
14. Plurarity:
(i) Tulai in English Grammar a plural bawlna a ‘s’ toh kibang a ‘te’ chih koih teitei sawmna ziak in mun tampi ah kizangkhial hi. ‘te’ cih pen ‘plural marker/ collective marker’ bel ahi peuhmah a, himahleh i pau uah plural form pen noun kia akipan kibawl lou in, parts of speech tuamtuam adjective, verb leh adverb akipan leh pronominal elements akipan plural hihna kibawl ahi hi.
a. Numeral number in plural hihna pia hi.
• Bawngpi thum ka mu
• Bawngpite thum ka mu chih a dik kei
b. Pronominal elements: ‘un, ua, uam, uh’ chihte’n plural hihna abawl hi.
Etsakna: Ka hong pai uh hi
N’ong pai diing uam?
Hong pai un.
c. Noun, verb, adjective leh adverb khawng a ‘te’ i belh leh noun suak ua, ‘te’ chih omna ziak in plural hihna pia hi – ahonpi, alompi genna in kizang hi.
- Lianpute, Guite, Thawmte, Sukte, Ngaihte, Khaute, Samte, Galte, Simte…
Ama lam a theihsa leh genkhaksa genkik nawnna ah ‘te’ kizang hi.
• Bawngpi thumte ka mu (kigensa ahihziak in)
• Bawngpi thum ka mu (kigensa lou hileh)
(ii) A subject a ‘te’ behlap lou in adjective, adverb leh verb ah ‘te’ kibehlapzaw hi.
- Mi hoihte, ui liante, mi kisualte, mi gilou mahmahte, mi zawngte, mi zongte
Exceptional case: Thumal khenkhat khat sang a tamzaw genna in ei, te, i leh mi chihte kizang mahleh mun khenkhat ah kamsiamna pau [polite form of speech]a akizat chiang in khat sang a tamzaw genna hi tuan lou hi:
Etsakna:
Zi khat kia nei, pasal zong khat kia nei hinapi a zi hiam a pasal hiam genna in –
[a] ei pasalte zaw…[b] mi pasalte zaw..[c] En bang i thei dia? [d] Mi hichih ke’n [=Nang kei hon hichih kei in] [e] Ei nungaakte zaw…[ khat kia gen hinapi][f] Chih simsimte maw…[‘te’ akizat hang in khat kia genna mah ahi].
15. Noun leh noun kizom theilou:
15.1. Laigelhna ah laipau aa diing in noun leh noun kizomsak louh diing ahi.
(a) Jesu Jerusalem ah si hi chi a gelh lou in
Jerusalem ah Jesu si hi cih diing ahi.
(b) Neinou Tomi in man hi ci agelh lou in
Tomi in Neinou man hi chih diing ahi.
(c) Dahpa lou akuan nuam kei hi ci a gelh lou in
Lou ah Dahpa akuan nuam kei hi ci a gelhzawk diing ahi.
Exceptional case: Sentence sung ah abstract noun nih kizom thei a, tuate exceptional case in pai hi.
• Neulai nopdan na thei hiam?
• Itna mit deldan thei in
• Naungek an pia in
• Suangnou tanghou suaksak in
• Inn gua leh gam gua kitehpih ngei lou.
15.2.1 Apostrophe a noun nih kalhal diing ahi. Sentence sung a concrete noun nih ahihkeileh concrete noun leh abstract noun akizom khak ciang in apostrophe koih diing ahi. Hiai apostrophe pen neitu ciamtehna lah hipah, noun nih kalhalna lah hi pah hi.
• Dahpa’ khuang
• Thanghou’ sial
• Khupching’ neulai
• Dawikungpu’ sial in ki li nei hi.
15.2.2. Thumal contract form i zatte pen expanded form a gelh louh lahna in apostrophe koih hoih hi.
Ken – kei in – ke’n
Non – na hon – ßn’on
Koh – koi ah – ko’h
Aman – amah in- ama’n
Leng – lehang – le’ng
15.2.3.Apostrophe zat louhna diingte
Verb leh adjective lak a laimal NG a tawp peuhmah deflected form tawpna a ‘G’ pen hong mang (declined – tonmang/tummang) hi:
Thang – than, Piang – pian
Luang – luan, Mang – man
Siang – sian Dawng – dawn
Ging – gin Khang - khan
Sang – san Saang - saan
Ciang –cian Niang - nian
Tuang –tuan Muang – muan
Tong – ton Song – son
Suang – suan Zuang – zuan
Siangthou – sianthouna chih in omze neitak in hong kikhek uhi. Tua ziak in sian’thouna, minthan’na, gin’na, pian’thakna chi lou in sianthouna, minthanna, ginna, pianthakna cihsuk ziau diing ahi. Hiai declension-te ah apostrophe koih kul lou hi.
15.3. Declension of Verbs: I pau ah verb-te i zatdan zui in agindan ahihkeileh a awgindan leh amel-apuam tanpha hong kikhek lamdang uh hi. Verb akipan kia lou adjective leh noun khawng akipan in zong mel tuam leh lohdan tuamtuam nei in kammal piangkhia hi. Regular verb pan in Irregular verb hong piang a, tua pan in abstract noun hong piangsawn hi. Gentehna in: De-det, Tung-tun, kia-kia/kiak/kiat. Verb mah bang in, noun form nih- Direct form leh Oblique form ah. Direct form akipan Oblique form asuah ciang in amel-apuam hong kikheklamdang hi.
Etsakna diing in:
Direct Form Oblique Form
Gua Go gopi/gotuai
Khua kho khopi/khota
Ngia nge nge-ek/ngenou
Regular Verb Irregular Verb Noun
Bia be/biak Biakna
Kia ke/kiak/kiat Kiakna
Pia pe/piak piakna
Phia phe/phiat phiatna
Sia se/siat siatna
Zia ze/ziat ziatna
Mu muh muhna
Hilhchian hilhchet hilhchetna
Lian let letna
Gial gelh gelhna
Vial velh velhna
Khial khelh khelhna
Sial selh selhna
16. English Grammar paidan toh kilehbulh in, Paite pau ah
[1] Akum, akha, ani leh adaak in zui hi. Etsakna: 1984 kum March 27 ni in Moreh ah “Moreh Resolution” kibawl hi.
[2] A gam, a khua, a veng leh a kongzing min/a lamlian min in zui hi.
[3] Pa min pai masa dia, tua pen tapa min in zui diing hi.
17. Translation [lehkhiakna] toh kisai theihtuak khenkhat:
Pau khat akipan pau dang a lehkhiakna thu ah pau kivolhdan [syntax leh morphology] kibang vek lou ahi cih ciamteh masak diing ahi. Principles of translation kici translator peuhmah in lehkhiakna abawl ciang ua guidelines azuih uh genna ahi a, tua ah bangchi bang approach zang a letkhe diing cih atuang hi. Adeihhuai leh deihthusam cingpen ahihleh
[a] Literal (word-for-word) translation ahi hi. Literal translation tamzawte pen Interlinear acihte uh ahi. Pau kivolhdan, paizia leh thumal piandan kibang lou ahihman in Internlinear translation pen pau paidan ngeina toh kituak in lepthak akul hi.
[b] Literal approach translation adeihhuaipen leh kingakna taakpen ahi hi. American Standard Bible/Version (ASB/V), English Standard Version (ESV) leh King James Version (KJV)i cihte pen literal approach translation ahi uhi.
[c] Dynamic equivalent (thought for thought-trnslation) chih a om nawn a, hiai ahihleh theihtheih dia adik theipen a lehkhiak diing cih leh mite’n theisiam pah leh cih deih luatna ziak in mun tampi ah free translation suak thei hi. Revised Standard Version (RSV), New Internation Version (NIV) cihte pawl hiai toh kisai a etsakna ahi uhi. Vakhu (dove) cihna dia gige, sangawngsau (camel) cihna dia saipi (elephant) cih leh adangdang.
[d] Parathrase kici khenkhatte’n running commentary acihsak uh, hilhcian thoh a lehkhiak leng a om hi. Hilhcetna pen commentatorte’ nasep ahi a, translatorte’ nasep bel lehkhiak ahi a, hilhchet diing ahi kei. Today’s English Version, Easy-To-Read-Version leh adangdangte. Version tumta khat ahihkeileh text (Hebrew/Greek text] kichian khat bulphuh nei loupi a deihna munmun lakhawm a lehkhiak pen ecletic translation kici hi. Ecletic translation acihte uh lak a khat ahihleh New International Version [NIV] ahi a, Paite pau a i neih Laisiangthou khenkhatte zong ecletic translation pian ngen ahi uhi.
Gentehna:
[i] Ke’n an ka ne
I(nominative) food pron.concord eat
a. I food eat
b. I eat food
[ii] Ama’n laibu pua in He (nom.) book carry adverb particle
apaita hi
has gone (pron.concord) copula
a. He book carry has gone
b. He has gone by carrying the book
[iii] I eat food with a spoon
Kei ne an toh khat siikkeu
a. Kei ne an toh khat siikkeu[literal]
b. Ke’n siikkeu toh an ka ne [dikzou lou deuh]
c. Ke’n siikkeu in an ka ne [dik]
BEHLAPNA:
Paite sung a Pawlpi lian leh mi dottham teng in kum thum vingveng (1982, 1983 leh 1984) asual nung a thupuukna alakte uh Paite Literature Society in mipi thupuukna ahi chi a pom in, seh leh sawl a a om bang in hunsawt kuam ana kithuzak leh kihou khit nung un, 1984 kum March kha ni 27 ni in Moreh ah Myanmar a om unaute sik-le-tang in Zomi Christian Literature Society (ZCLS) toh anuai a bang in thupuukna laak ahi. Tua pen Moreh Resolution i chihsek uh ahi.
Laimal pen Roman alphabet 26 zat a, alamdan vowel teng ei (mallam ate) lam leh zatdan a lam diing. Tua ban ah consonant 'C' pen 'cha' leh 'G' pen 'ga' hihsak a, vowel a 'O' tulai (1984 malam vel) a zatdan 'O' leh 'OU' kal a ginsak diing chi a thukim ahi.
Hiai Moreh Resolution dungzui in Roman Alphabet 26 zat diing, lai-awte/vowels (a, e, i, o, u) eilamte ginsakdan a ginsak a, C pen cha leh G pen ga chih diing chih ahi. O leh AW kal ah buaina di a omlouh bang in C pen ‘si’ ahikei kei a ‘cha’ ahi. Hiai pen kuamah aa hilou in ei aa liauliau ahi chih theih hi. Himahleh ‘C gelh veuhvouh’ chi a ho mahmah i tam ziak in lungpi geel tak in PLS Board of Director in 1988 kum June 11 in tutkhawmna ah thupuukna kichian leh tel mahmah Thupukna 3(iii) dung zui in mahni lemtan bang a C leh CH zat theihna diing in kikhahkolna a om hi. Tuaziak mah in hiai laibu ah leng C leh CH kizang tuah hi. |
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